Prediction of solar cycle 25: applications and comparison

Abstract Solar activity affects the heliosphere in different ways. Variations particles and radiation that impact Earth’s atmosphere, climate, human activities often disruptive Consequently, ability to forecast solar across temporal scales is gaining increasing significance. In this study, we present predictions for cycle 25 of three indicators: core-to-wing ratio Mg II at 280 nm, radio flux 10.7 cm—widely recognized proxies UV emission—and total irradiance, a natural driver climate. Our show very good agreement with measurements these indicators acquired during ascending phase 25, representing most recent data available time writing.